Coffee Speech Essay

General Purpose: Informal Specific Purpose: is on the topic of caffeine†¦ its beneficial effects AND its negative effects. Statement: also to inform coffee users about coffee. Introduction IOpen with impact: before you go to Starbucks store buy take and take a sip of your favorite coffee†¦ AWouldn’t you want to know a better about what you benefit and don’t out of your coffee? B I drink a lot of coffee, so I was wondering how that might affect my health CThis inspired me to do some research on the subject II Thesis: This knowledge better informs the user on what they are investing their money in. Connect: What you whant to know about caffeine is, A. Why do most humans use it. BWhat products have it CWhat are the advantages and disadvantages Preview: How many of you here consider yourself caffeine addicts? How much coffee do you drink in a day? One cup? Two cups? More? How about caffeinated sodas? Body I. Main point: Caffeine is pervasive in our society these days and every few months we hear about how a study has shown that it is bad for us or good for us. What are we to believe? A. Benefits B. Disadvantages C. Safe levels of caffeine consumption D. Effects on the body II. Main point: Today, I’d like to give you some of the facts about caffeine and its effects on your body. I may not cause you to change your coffee consumption, but at least you’ll be better informed about what you are putting into your body. III. (Transitional sentence: I’m going to talk about the beneficial effects of caffeine, the negative effects and discuss what are considered to be ‘safe’ levels of caffeine consumption Main point: Let’s start with the good news. Caffeine, which comes from the leaves, seeds and fruits of about 63 different plants, is well known as a stimulant. That’s why people drink it, right? A. Caffeine does help you wake up and feel more alert and it has been shown to increase attention spans. 1. This is a beneficial effect for people who are driving long distances and for people who are doing tedious work. 2. Calling this a health benefit may be stretching it, though staying awake while you are driving a car definitely contributes to your well-being! 3. Caffeine also contains antioxidants, which have been shown to have cancer prevention qualities 4. When consumed in small quantities – for example, when you have one cup of coffee or one soda – caffeine can increase your heart rate, cause you to urinate more (which can cause dehydration) and prompt your digestive system to produce more acid. B. When larger amounts of caffeine (over 600 mg per day) are ingested over long periods of time, they can cause sleep problems, depression and digestion issues, and headaches when not used. 1. Transition: According to a Medline article on the National Institutes of Health website, having caffeine in your diet is not of any benefit to your health, but by the same token moderate consumption is not considered harmful. 2. They say that having up to 3 eight ounce cups of coffee a day – or 250 mg of caffeine – is considered (quote) â€Å"average or moderate†. 10 cups of coffee a day is considered excessive. Also, remember that the amount of caffeine per cup can vary greatly depending on the type of beans that are used and the strength of the brew. Conclusion Summarize: As you can see, caffeine can have both positive and negative effects on our health and well-being. Nevertheless, the bottom line is that if you drink your coffee or sodas in moderation, you don’t have to worry too much. Close with impact: So, the next time you are wondering whether or not you should have that second cup of coffee to perk you up, relax. At least now you know what it will – and won’t – do for you! References before you go to Starbucks or any other coffee selling store or brands, buy and take and take a sip of your favorite coffee, Wouldn’t you want to know better about what you benefit and don’t out of your coffee? I drink a lot of coffee, so I was wondering how that might affect my health, this inspired me to do some research on the subject This knowledge better informs the user on what they are investing their money in, Why do most humans use it, what products have it, what are the advantages and disadvantages. How many of you here consider yourself caffeine addicts? How much coffee do you drink in a day? One cup? Two cups? More? How about caffeinated sodas? : Caffeine is pervasive in our society these days and every few months we hear about how a study has shown that it is bad for us or good for us. What are we to believe? But Today, I’d like to give you some of the facts about caffeine and its effects on your body. I may not cause you to change your coffee consumption, but at least you’ll be better informed about what you are putting into your body, I’m going to talk about the beneficial effects of caffeine, the negative effects and discuss what are considered to be ‘safe’ levels of caffeine consumption. Let’s start with the good news. Caffeine, which comes from the leaves, seeds and fruits of about 63 different plants, Caffeine does help you wake up and feel more alert and it has been shown to increase attention spans. It’s well known as a stimulant. That’s why people drink it, right? This is a beneficial effect for people who are driving long distances and for people who are doing tedious work, calling this a health benefit may be stretching it, though staying awake while you are driving a car definitely contributes to your well-being! Caffeine also contains antioxidants, which have been shown to have cancer prevention qualities, When consumed in small quantities – for example, when you have one cup of coffee or one soda – caffeine can increase your heart rate, cause you to urinate more which can cause dehydration but it can prompt your digestive system to produce more acid. When larger amounts of caffeine over 600 mg per day are ingested over long periods of time, they can cause sleep problems, depression and digestion issues, and headaches when it’s not used. According to a Medline article on the National Institutes of Health website, having caffeine in your diet is not of any benefit to your health, but by the same token moderate consumption is not considered harmful. They say that having up to 3 eight ounce cups of coffee a day or 250 mg of caffeine is considered â€Å"average or moderate† now 10 cups of coffee a day is considered excessive. Also, remember that the amount of caffeine per cup can vary greatly depending on the type of beans that are used and the strength of the brew. As you can see, caffeine can have both positive and negative effects on our health and well-being. Nevertheless, the bottom line is that if you drink your coffee or sodas in moderation, you don’t have to worry too much. So, the next time you are wondering whether or not you should have that second cup of coffee to perk you up, relax. At least now you know what it will – and won’t – do for you!

Fedex External Environment

FedEx External Environment Audit 1. How is the industry structured? The industry is defined by NAICS as the logistics, transportation, and related business services. This is a very broad definition because it doesn’t define the main function of the business, which is express delivery and shipping that includes a wide range of services for both businesses and consumers. FedEx offers express delivery, ground, and freight shipping, in domestic and international markets. The most important dominant economic traits of the express delivery and shipping industry are: Market Size and Growth * The express delivery and shipping industry is $189B with a growth rate of 0. 1% globally. Although there has been a -2% decline in the industry in the U. S. , there is a tremendous amount of potential growth in the developing and international markets. The shipping services industry could be classified as being in the mature stage of the industry life cycle since the main focus is increasing mark et share and increasing cash flow. Future growth is dependent on the penetration and development of new markets. -Degree of Product Differentiation Companies within the industry are differentiated by price, the markets they serve, reliability, and speed. Smaller firms who serve local segments are differentiated by the custom and personalized level of service. Larger firms who serve the global segment are differentiated by price, guaranteed delivery, and service. Price is a major factor for e-commerce businesses relying on the price of shipping and delivery times. Prices for shipping smaller individual packages are similar, but companies who ship in high volume get a break. Although there is some loyalty, price is a determining factor for businesses. Scope of competitive rivalry/number of rivals * A few major players in the shipping industry dominate the world market. FedEx, UPS, DHL, and USPS hold 67% of the market share who ship worldwide and within the U. S. Larger firms have an a dvantage based on brand recognition and the wide range of services they offer. Penetrating into international markets with growing economies will create an opportunity for larger firms to grow. -Number of buyers * Demand for express deliveries is dependent upon the health of the global economy and the growth of e-commerce.As the economy grows, so does the demand for shipment of products to consumers and other businesses. As the economy slows down, so do the number of businesses using shipping and freight services to deliver products. During a recession, businesses shut down, and consumers stop spending buying products online, which directly effects the number of items being shipped. -Economies of scale * Larger firms tend to have more â€Å"hubs,† which are local sorting facilities for packages before reaching their final destinations, which creates efficiency in the delivery process, as well as reaching more locations that smaller companies cannot.Economies of scale also hel ps with various costs, such as fuel, which is a major cost in the shipping and freight industries. 2. What is competition like? What forces are at work? According to Porter’s 5-forces model, express delivery and shipping industry is very competitive. The five forces are listed in order from strongest to weakest. -Intensity of rivalry => Very Strong Intensity of rivalry among current competitors is extremely high to increase market share. The large firms, such as FedEx and UPS, must consistently compete in price, service, reliability, and implement new technologies to improve the efficiency of shipment.Cost of fuel has risen 6. 8% from 2011 which is the main operating expense in the industry and is difficult for firms to pass on the cost to the customers due to low switching costs. Margins remain low making it very competitive to maintain the volume of shipment and avoiding price wars. -Bargaining Power of Suppliers => Strong The main suppliers would be the oil companies who s upply fuel and the suppliers of human resources, which are the employees. Although these are not direct suppliers in the conventional sense, they do have a significant impact on the day-to-day functions.Global supplies and demands of fuel directly impact its cost, which is the main variable effecting margin of the industry. The human capital of its workforce directly affects the efficiency of its daily functions and the reliability that consumers depend on. Employees have power bargaining power by possibly going on strike which could bring deliveries to a halt. In that sense it, employees have a strong bargaining power and could demand higher pay, increase in benefits, and better working conditions. -Bargaining Power of Buyers => StrongLarge shipping companies depend more on businesses that use who ship products in high volume. The switching costs can be very little to practically nothing, causing the industry to lack brand loyalty. Customers can easily switch over to a competitor w ho offers service that’s slightly cheaper or at a faster speed. Firms rely on businesses and e-commerce for their own industry to be profitable. -Threat of New Entrants => Weak Threat of new entrants is low. The cost of fixed assets to be competing in the industry is extremely high. It would cost billions of dollars to obtain the proper number of airplanes, trucks, and software.This would also require billions of dollars in fuel cost, maintenance, and human capital to operate properly. It would also be difficult for a new entrant to gain market share due to the high brand recognition of the industry leaders making it difficult to differentiate them in a substantial way. Even with economies of scale, profit margins are very narrow making it difficult to gain a profit. Distribution and number of â€Å"hubs† would be difficult to match. -Threat of Substitutes => Weak There isn’t really a substitute that can take the place of physically moving products from one plac e to another.In the past, the internet has replaced mail and delivery for the transfer of documents and funds. Value- net analysis reveals various complements could help differentiate firms from one another. Additional services for businesses with marketing materials and packaging would help firms to increase business for their customers. In conclusion, this is an extremely competitive industry. Although there is no threat of substitutes for this type of service, it is a very difficult industry to profit and compete in. 3. What trends are driving changes in the industry? Trends that are causing changes in the industry are: Increased globalization of the industry (+) * Businesses are becoming more globalized and penetrating into international markets will be key to the growth of the industry. There is an increase of businesses in developing countries and there is an increase in e-commerce. -Increasing fuel cost (-) * Fuel is the biggest cost in the express delivery industry and many recent global supply problems have increased the costs. Political uprisings in the Middle East, and threats of war across the region affect supply. Major price fluctuations cut into profits. -Going green (+) Many countries and industries have been pushing the green efforts. Car and truck companies have been producing electric and hybrid vehicles that can significantly reduce the cost of fuel. The long-term savings will outweigh the short-term cost of replacing and updating vehicles to hybrids. -Increased competition and regulation in new markets (-) * Government owned express delivery service providers usually monopolize the industry in the country and can impose regulations to prevent private and foreign companies to do business, or even impose strict customs processes. -Businesses switching to online models (+) More businesses are switching to online models to reduce inventory and overhead costs. With the increase of the number of people with access to computers and the Internet, new markets are appearing with the ability to purchase online. Businesses have increased their online presence, and offer online purchasing and even mobile apps for convenience. This increases the number of shipments direct from warehouses to customers, and creates a dependence on shipping services. The trends are mostly positive suggesting that the future of the expressing shipping services industry is likely to increase, yet will be very competitive.

A Positive Approach to the Future

A Positive Approach Towards the Future The issue of mandatory school uniforms has taken on several debates over the past decade; it is believed that this issue will plague public schools for decades to come. Students who wear uniforms feel a sense of being superior with their fellow classmates. This feeling of being part of a group boosts morale and individual confidence, thus leading to higher grades. Children will be more focused in a uniform classroom. There is no more distraction as to what the other kids are wearing or who has the name brand shoes. Girls will be dressed appropriately and clothing will fit properly. This adds to the learning experience. There is no more competition. There is no more rivalry and the children are able to focus on their schoolwork and not on the latest trends ( Bodine 67-69). Former President Clinton made a state of the union address in 1996; in that address, the subject of mandatory school uniforms was mentioned. If it means that teenagers will stop killing each other over designer jackets, then our public schools should be able to require their students to wear uniforms (Williams). In fact, that year in Long Beach, California, the first district to implement mandatory uniform policies, assault dropped by sixty-seven percent, vandalism by eighty-two percent, and robbery by thirty-five percent. Overall crime was reduced by seventy-three percent the first year the policy was in place (Williams). This was a direct reflection of the uniform policy. Students were more disciplined and behaved in a more mature manner. These students took pride in themselves and others. With the lack of material items to fight over, students no longer felt the need to use aggression towards others, proving that school uniforms do in fact improve student behavior. Also when it comes to crime, a student wearing a school logo, is less apt to commit a crime outside of school while in uniform because it would be easier to track him based off of the school information on the uniform? This lowers the crime rate for the general public as well as the in school instances. Not only do mandatory uniform policies for public schools offer the potential for higher educational benefits and improved student discipline, school uniforms dissolve social boundaries between classmates. Students are no longer judged based off their appearance but by who they are on the inside. There is no more competition between social classes that these students may have otherwise felt and they work together as a team and share a common pride. All students will feel a sense of belonging. No longer will lower income children be labeled as poor based off of their clothing. All children will appear as equals in the classroom and will be treated as such. However, some may argue that uniformity takes away from the students individuality. Many children, especially teens, express themselves through their personal styles and the way they dress. Sometimes children need to feel special or unique and dressing a certain way is how they accomplish this. Uniformity takes away from the First Amendment by taking away freedom of expression. If we take away the freedom of expression, we are taking away our childrens creativity and conforming them into a society where free thinking is not accepted. However this is not the case. The uniform does not change who the child is on the inside or how he thinks creatively. Students will still be able to focus creative energy through activities such as art, music, writing or sports. There are several creative outlets besides the choice of clothing options. When it comes to our economy, we as Americans must pinch our pennies where we can. Many parents are faced with the dilemma of outfitting their children in the latest trends or putting money towards more important things like saving for their childrens college education. Some families are unable to afford the popular named brand clothing that their children desires, which make the children, feel inadequate in school when they are forced to wear lesser brand clothes or second hand outfits. School uniforms would take away that hassle of finding bargains to ensure that their children feel confident in their attire. Uniforms are generally more durable than the average street clothes. Granted, the cost may be a bit more substantial in the beginning, but the uniforms will last longer which means there is less out of pocket expense for replacement articles. With uniforms, the parents may only have to purchase two or three sets compared to several pairs of bottoms and tops. Uniforms are more durable and can be washed more frequently compared to regular clothes. This makes them the better option not only for lower income families, but all families in general (Romero C4+). Critics claim that uniforms will cost the families more money in the long run because parents will be forced to buy the uniforms and regular clothing for their children to wear when they are not in school. The cost for parents may double that of just buying traditional school clothes. Although this is partly true, that yes, parents will be faced to make additional purchases for their children, in reality, they really wont be spending that much more money if any. Since uniforms are more durable, the parents only need to buy a limited supply and since the children will only be wearing their regular clothes outside of school, parents will not have to buy as many outfits. Most children wear out their clothes while in school. Since this is not an issue with the uniforms, the traditional street clothes will last longer, hence saving the parents money in the long run. Also without the constant competition in schools, children may not feel the need to have the latest brands and styles as they would if they were wearing the clothes to school on a daily basis around other social classes (King 3-5). With all of the advantages and disadvantages of implementing mandatory uniform wear into our public schools, there needs to be a compromise. Some schools have decided that it is best to make minor changes to the dress code policy. When it comes to school uniforms, there is a never-ending debate as to what the right approach and the wrong approach may be for our public schools. Works Cited Bodine,A.. aâ‚ ¬? School uniforms, academic achievement, and uses of researchaâ‚ ¬?. The Journal ofEducational Research 19 Feb. 2008: 67-73. Print. King, K. A. Should school uniforms be mandated in elementary school?. 2010: 3+. Print. Romero, E. aâ‚ ¬? School uniform countdownaâ‚ ¬?. Daily News Record, 16 Aug. 1999, C2+. Print. Williams, D. aâ‚ ¬? School uniforms: The raging debateaâ‚ ¬?. n. d. Web. 5 Aug. 2011.

One country in The Middle East (Egypt) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

One country in The Middle East (Egypt) - Essay Example Besides, Oman and Saudi Arabia are the neighboring nations. Dresch (2000) makes clear that â€Å"The Yemen is encircled by sea form the west, south and east† (p.43). One can see that Yemen’s nearness to the African continent and as the exit point of the Middle East Asia are crucial in international relationships. The ethnic makeup of Yemen includes Arabs and tribal people like Zaydis and Al-Akhdams. In addition, Islam is the most important religion in Yemen. Within Islam, there are two religious groups in Yemen: Sunnis and Shiites. So, this can be regarded as the primary religious division in Yemen. Unlike other Arabian nations, Yemen is not a religious republic, but a unitary parliamentary republic (presidential republic). Earlier, internal conflict due to the division of Yemen into North and South blocs was a serious problem. But unification of both the blocs into the Republic of Yemen reduced the further scope of internal problems. In the present condition, the inter nal conflict related to the Yemeni uprising (2011–2012) is a burning issue. Besides, violation of human rights and corruption are other problems faced by Yemen. Unlike other nations in the Middle East, Yemen is an underdeveloped nation. Blashfield (2012) states that, â€Å"It is now the poorest country in the Arab world† (p.4). To be specific, lack of infrastructure development and the rapid depletion of the existing oil deposits are the major problems which affects the economic development of Yemen. The Yemenis are inspired by the Arab Spring and the same resulted in the dethroning of Ali Abdullah Saleh. One can see that the Yemeni uprising resulted in the initiative to re-draft the constitution of Yemen. As pointed out, Yemen is not rich in oil deposits. Besides, the oil deposits in Yemen are showing rapid decrease in production. On the other side, lack of infrastructure development is hindering the scope

SWOT Analysis and Table Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

SWOT Analysis and Table - Essay Example Strengths in this market environment is an internal organizational quality that enables the business to survive and compete against other similar stores, e.g. good positive cash flow. A weakness is also an internal organizational problem that affects it negatively while giving an opportunity to rivals such as accumulating bad debt. An opportunity comes basically from the external environment such as a rival’s inability to meet demand. Finally a threat is also a basically external matter, e.g. a rival’s sales promotion campaigns. SWOT analysis enables the organization to plan and execute its programmes of action with a degree of certainty about the external environmental factors that influence its own existence. A baby store would necessarily be faced with a number of external economic influences such as the government policies on taxation, interest rates, inflation, money supply, balance of payments, Gross Domestic Product, National Income, foreign governments’ protectionist policies and so on. Imported baby-care products would be more expensive if the government imposes a higher import tariff on them. The government might impose higher corporation taxes in order to control inflation. This would affect the business in a number of ways. For instance a baby store which depends much more on imported products would find that higher tariffs to be a threat to its survival, especially in the long run. It might find it difficult to reduce prices to match its rivals’ prices. Rivals might be selling domestic products that are not subject to taxes except some GST or BTT. This gives them an advantage over rivals that sell imported products. Higher sales taxes imposed on baby care products by the government in order to control inflation also could affect them. Baby stores are affected by such taxes because now people buy less (McIntyre-Mills, 2004, p.373). Next

Observational Research Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Observational Research - Assignment Example Nordstrom Incorporation and Bloomingdale’s are key players in the US’s upscale retail market of fashion industry. The two actors have maintained successful business both online and in their respective physical outlets in different states across the country. This paper is a report about an observational research of the two retailers’ business activities on their official websites and at their physical business locations. The researcher intended to secretly seek answers to unclear marketing issues by disguising as a curious shopper. First, following its founding by Nordstrom John W. and Wallin Carl F. in the early 20th century, Nordstrom’s mission was to serve the upscale market with fashionable items from its head offices in Seattle, Washington. The organization has since grown its business to include stocks of shoes, clothing, handbags, jewelry, and beauty products such as cosmetics and perfumes. In Nordstrom, there were wedding and home decoration products for would-be couples. I realized that the company’s website is stocked with a variety of the goods, but a visit at the physical location of the business revealed much more of the goods available for consumers than could be updated on the online store. On the other hand, I realized that Bloomingdales is also a significant player in the American high-end market. The company was set up in 1861 by Macys, Inc. For more than a century, Nordstrom has been one of its main market rivals in the country. And following the advent of the Internet in the second half of the 20th century, it is clear that Bloomingdales took its products to the online store; a platform upon which it seeks to expand its market share. The performance of the online stores is therefore rated as follows: best (1), better (2), good, (3); bad (4); and worse (5) as written in table 1. The rating is based on the quality of stock and client

Microorganism in food industry Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Microorganism in food industry - Research Paper Example Understanding these will possibly lead to much of the food production processes becoming shorter and less time consuming and will lead to less waste being produced. Some examples of foods that are produced using microorganisms include wine, cheese and bread. This paper will attempt to take a look at the microorganisms used in each of these foods and attempt to explain some of the mechanisms they utilise to achieve the result that humans desire. Winemaking Yeast in Wine Wine is a popular beverage where microorganisms play an important part. Wine has been consumed by humans for thousands of years (Okamura et al,1596) and the exact science of the wine making process is still being decoded. The quality of a wine is determined by whether the taste of that wine is original, the finesse, intensity of taste and by the microbiological and physicochemical stability (Dubourdieu, 1986; Noble, 1988; Rapp and Mandery, 1986; Schreier, 1979 of Colagrande, Silva and Fumi, 2) (Refer fig1). The microbi ology behind the wine making process was only established less than 2 centuries ago by the work of Louis Pasteur (Bakalinsky and Penner, 1993 from Okamura et al,1596, Colagrande, Silva and Fumi,2). Yeasts are used extensively in wine making. There are approximately 700 species of yeast and sixteen of these species have been used in the process of making wine. These include Brettanomyces, Dekkera, Candida, Cryptococcus, Debaryomyces, Hanseniaspora, Kloeckera, Kluyveromyces, Metschnikowia, Pichia, Rhodotorula, Saccharomyces, Saccharomycodes, Schizosaccharomyces, Torulaspora and Zygosaccharomyces (Pretorius et al, 1999 of Swiegers et al, 142). Saccharomyces cerevisae is one of the most commonly used organisms for producing wine though other such as Pleurotus ostreatus, Flammulina velutipes and Agaricus blazei have recently been exploited (Okamura et al, 1596). A specific variety of grape can be exploited to produce some qualities of wines such as the distinctive smell (Dubourdieu 2000, Lambrechts and Pretorius 2000, Guth and Sies 2002, Swiegers and Pretorius 2005 of Swiegers et al, 142). Some of these distinctive volatile compounds which cause properties of a wine like smell arise from grapes. However, several are due to the action of yeast and bacteria during the production of wine. Taste is also greatly affected by the bacteria and yeast used during wine (Schreier, 1979; Simpson, 1979; Williams et al, 1989; Etievant 1991, Guth, 1998; Boulton et al, 1998; Rapp,1998; Dubourdieu, 2000; Ferreira et al, 2000; Lambrechts and Pretorius, 2000; Ribereau-Gayon et al, 2000a,b; Ortega et al, 2001; Guth and Sies, 2002 of Swiegers et al, 141). Grapes can only support the proliferation of few microorganisms (Henschke, 1997 of Swiegers et al, 142). This has been attributed mainly due to the selective pressure on the microorganisms due to the high content of sugar and the low pH of grape (Swiegers et al, 142). In addition, sulphur dioxide is usually added to the mixture during wine making and this adds even more selectivity to the microorganisms that can grow. Usually, oxidative microorganisms that may be harmful are limited due to the sulphur dioxide (Swiegers et al, 142). Once anaerobic conditions start to predominate during the winemaking process, even more microorganisms find the conditions unfavourable for growth and the production of ethanol further limits the types of microorganisms th

Technology and Social Engineering Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Technology and Social Engineering - Essay Example The Roman empire in the ancient world built the highly sophisticated waterway system known as large aqueducts that carried water for hundreds of miles, introduced advanced sewer systems, invented durable cement, and constructed concrete structures. Other human problems related to improved communication, transportation, information transmission, mechanization, medicine, etc have been solved with the help of technology in the last two centuries through various inventions (Gupta, 2007). Technological innovations are related to philosophy’s aspects of values and ethics. Thus, planned and controlled technologies though regulated by laws are the worst offenders in creating environmental degradation. â€Å"A close survey of global problems indicates that neither science nor technology alone has the answer† (Gupta, 2007, p.383) to solve some major human problems. An example is that technology cannot create a species which has become extinct due to the decline in biodiversity. The main crises include destructive organizational, political and technological patterns; the breakdown in the human environment, the depletion of non-renewable resources such as fossil fuel, and other problems. Therefore, human behavior has to be improved, and relevant courts and controls should be applied to maintain checks and balances on the development of new technology and in its implementation (Chorafas, 2011). Social engineering is the organizing and â€Å"channelling of environmental and social forces to create a high probability that effective social action will occur† (Podgorecki, Alexander & Shields, 1996, p.1). It denotes the development of processes in which human beings serve as raw materials. In the twentieth century, grand plans of social engineering projects have proved to be costly and failures, as seen in the utopian experiments using violent measures to break the will of the people. On a smaller scale are interventions for

Neil v. Biggers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Neil v. Biggers - Essay Example This ruling based on the show up identification brought about the precedence of making a ruling. The other precedence brought about by this case was due to the fact that the writ for habeas corpus in such a case cannot be cannot be accepted by a federal court. This is because of the affirmance according to the U.S.C 2244 (c). This therefore means that even if the case is appealed, the judgment of made by the lower courts still stands and no further action can be taken (Ingram 2011). This was the case when Biggers appealed the ruling of the case in the Supreme Court. Even though the Neil v. Biggers was ruled in favor of the show up identification process even though it was done over seven months after the assault had taken place, conflict of ideas were raised. This has led to development of more criteria which should be considered before judging an individual based on merely identification by an eyewitness. These criteria are proved by a psychologist employed to do so by the court. They look at several things like the time that has elapsed between the time the assault takes place and the identification process. This is meant to ensure that the memory of the plaintiff is still fresh and hence no wrong identification. Another guideline involves the accuracy of the description made earlier. This is done to ensure that there is no discrepancy whatsoever that may lead to the wrong person being incriminated and the assailant to walk free. All this is done before any ruling on the case is done and it ensures that the witness is really sure of what they are reporting before the court or in front of a jury. The other guideline criteria are on opportunity to view the assailant. This will include the physical features of the assailant like height, weight, skin complexion among other physical traits that will make it easy to identify the individual whether in a line up or

Impact of Celebrity Endorsement on Consumers Dissertation

Impact of Celebrity Endorsement on Consumers - Dissertation Example The advent of globalization and liberalization in the world markets has brought increased competition at the local level as well. Now, there are products and services that are available anywhere in the world and the customers are given a wide array of choice to choose from. There are a variety of products, substitutes, prices and overall value packages that are now made available to the customer due to the rapid development of information and communication technologies as well as logistics management. The changes in the technological and the global business environment have brought additional pressures on the organization to remain viable and competitive in the market. Organizations now have to invest in new product development strategies, look out for ways of reducing costs and expanding distribution channels and reaching out to the largest number of customers using their limited budgets. Consumer awareness, consumer acceptance and retention and consumer feedback have become an impo rtant guiding factor for the organizations to develop products and markets (Perrault et al, 2000). Researchers have increasingly found that the customers are greatly influenced by the fact that they can easily attain more information about the product or service, that they are able to recall the product or the brand and that their friends or family are already using the product. This means that the more the brand awareness, the greater the chance that the products will be bought by the customers and also recommended to others by them.

The Rise of the Novel in the Eighteenth Century Essay Example for Free

The Rise of the Novel in the Eighteenth Century Essay The new form, i.e the novel is about certain realistic people living in a certain society and not about fanciful characters, supermen or monsters. On the contrary, the characters are ‘individualized’: which means that every individual, person or character ( ordinary or extraordinary) is independent from other individuals. In the past, individuals or characters in the prose works never stood for themselves: they stood for certain abstracts or qualities :Mr. Greedy, Mr. Angry, Mrs. Domineering, ..etc. With the rise of this literary form, individuals are drawn realistically as independent, regardless of their social status or personal capacity. The characters are analyzed in detail, and shown as complex individuals, affected by social pressures. b) The rise of the middle class: The new middle class in England ( consisting of merchants, lawyers, businessmen, doctors,..etc.) were very educated, but they were unlike the upper classes who were taught in Greek and Latin. The middle-class people could read in English, so they among the readers of then novels at that time. c) Educated women: Women became educated at that time , and so they were a crucial factor in producing a readership for fiction. They benefited from the rise of the novel because they were not educated in Greek and Latin but in history, English grammar, geography,..etc. d) Better education for the middle classes coincidedwith a period of great leisure for women in the middle and upper classes. This left a vacuum in their lives which demanded to be filled. Men, also, demanded imaginative works because they looked for other interests beyond their jobs. Thus, the novel opened new real worlds. e) The increase and spread of newspapers during the eighteenth century is evidence of this interest. Many periodicals such as The Spectator and The Tattler were popular. Addison and Steele, the editors of those periodicals created characters such as Sir Roger de Coverley-an individualized character with essay-like short stories. f) Thirst for travel books characterized by realistic incidents and realistic characters during a period where the British Empire was expanding show the people’s need to learn about other people from other cultures and other lands with different traditions and manners..Many of the eighteenth-century novels were written in the form of travel books such as Robinson Crusoe and Gulliver’s Travels to satisfy this thirst. g) The thirst of the reading public to learn about the manners, and circumstances of other classes and localities. Richardson’s Pamela is a plan to write a series of letters which provide examples of the correct way of behaving in different social situations. h) The novelists, too, felt it was their duty not just to inform bu t also to teach moral lessons. This shows the moral usefulness of the novel. Thus while the novelists introduce their readers to new social worlds, and show the manners of others, they provide the best moral way for their readers to behave. This triple aim- to reveal, to educate, and to encourage moral behavior was an important feature of the eighteenth-century novel. i) As a consequence, the novels were detailed , long, and therefore expensive which means that the rich only could buy them. But by the middle of the eighteenth century, there appeared circulating libraries. So, people could borrow novels free of charge. That was a very important development. j) The rise of modern industrial capitalism, also, emphasized the idea of individualism. Because of industrial capitalism, people started to believe that the individual could choose and decide his future because it taught people how to earn and keep money. Thus, because of those social factors, novelists started to study the individual. In the past, characters were seen as general concepts, without emphasis on their personalities. With the rise of modern industrial capitalism and individualism, the social attitude changed. Novelists started to study the individual’s ehavior, appearance , feelings and materialistic attitude. They chose characters from the real society around them, and who were individualized to the extent that most of them named their novels after the main characters. Some of the themes to be discussed The Moral Significance in Robinson Crusoe (Points to be considered about the theme of moral and spiritual re-awakening) 1- In his novel, Robinson Crusoe, Defoe emphasizes the moral element and â€Å"the wisdom of Providence in our life.† 2- Although R. Crusoe blamed his fate and bad luck at the beginning of his adventures, he would gradually believe that his misfortune was â€Å"a judgment of Heaven†, or a punishment of God because he disobeyed his father, and went to sea ignoring his advice. 3- When his ship was first overtaken by a strong storm, Crusoe prayed to God that if He spared his life, he would directly go home. However, when the sea became calm again, he forgot his vows. 4- The ship was overtaken once again by another storm, and the captain told him that it was â€Å"the hand of Providence† punishing Crusoe for his disobedience and breaking his vows to God. 5- The captain warned him that henceforth he would meet with â€Å"disasters and disappointments† if he did not go back to his father. What the captain said proved to be true. 6- On his next voyage to The Canary Islands, Crusoe was kidnapped by pirates and became a miserable slave for two years. 7- On his next voyage to Africa, â€Å"the Hand of God† punished him again. A strong storm struck the ship, and all the other seamen were drowned except Crusoe who found himself in a deserted island. 8- It was not until several horrible incidents took place in the island ( the earthquake, the hurricane, his illness, and the terrible dream), that Crusoe realized for the first time his ‘wrongdoings’, that he lived in wickedness â€Å"without desire of good or consciousness of evil.† 9- From now on, Crusoe starts to re-evaluate his life, to pray to God sincerely, and to reappraise his duty to God. Thus, after much soul-searching, he reaches self-discovery and spiritual re-awakening. 10- The novel ends with Crusoe being a mature individual, in full control of his wealth, using it not for pleasure but to help his old friends and relatives. Industrial Capitalism, Individualism and the Rise of the Novel 1-The rise of the novel during the eighteenth century is greatly associated with the rise of individualism at that time. 2- Individualism stressed the fact that every individual was independent from other individuals, and as a direct result of industrial capitalism, it emphasized that the individual had to choose and decide his future. Modern industrial capitalism, also, taught people how to earn money ,and how increase it. Thus it brought emphasis on the individual and his money. 3- In the past, characters in the romances stood for certain qualities(e.g. Mr. Greedy, Mr. Angry,†¦etc.) and not for themselves. 4-In the eighteenth -century novel, individual characters are drawn as independent regardless of their social status or personal capacity. They are portrayed as complex characters, affected by social pressures. 5-Eighteenth –century novelists such as S. Richardson, H. Fielding, and D. Defoe studied the individual’s attitudes, feelings, and motivations. Defoe emphasized individualism by writing a novel that has one central character with independent individual characteristics. Likewise, Richardson and Fielding concentrated on the individual and named their novels after their main characters. 6-The modern industrial capitalism made people pay great attention to money: how to gain it and how to keep it. In the earlier prose fiction, the main character had moral ideas, and thought only of virtues and good deeds. The eighteenth-century writers became more realistic and dealt with the only interest of the individual at their time, i.e. money. All Defoe’s characters pursue money, and they pursue it very methodically according to the loss and profit of book-keeping. Thus Robinson Crusoe leaves his father’s house and the secure life of the middle class to seek more money. This materialistic point of view began to have a tremendous influence to the extent that idealistic moral values were no longer the core of stories, but the individual and his struggle to gain money. Points to be stressed about The Character of Robinson Crusoe 1. Robinson Crusoe is the central round character who learns the moral lesson which Defoe is trying to convey to his readers. 2. From the beginning, Defoe presents him as an individual endowed with a capability for moral development because of his natural possession of moral sensitivity. 3. As events open, he appears as lacking a certain degree of moral insight and self knowledge, but gradually he gains moral and spiritual re-awakening and self discovery. 4. This gradual change can be traced in three stages in his life: a) When the novel opens, Crusoe leaves home in disobedience of his father and without asking for God’s blessings in search for more wealth, neglecting his father’s advice concerning the advantages of the middle class. Crusoe ,then, goes through four adventures in the sea during which he experiences many misfortunes, and has very narrow escapes from death. At this stage, Crusoe’s character is shown as discontented, rash, romantic ,lacking reason and any sense of moral duty towards God and father. Despite the dangers he faces, he never realizes the moral lesson or that these dangers are a punishment of God for his wrongdoings. He blames his bad luck, fate, or his companions. b) The second stage in Crusoe’s moral and spiritual development starts with his journey to the coast of Guinea which ends up in his shipwreck, the death of all his fellow sailors and his own survival after he swims to a remote deserted island. During this stage, Crusoe suffers, first, physically to provide for his food, shelter, and security. As he struggles to do this, he shows his great abilities of a resourceful, energetic, and inventive individual, although he has never had any knowledge of mechanics or mathematics. At the same time, however, he has many moral reflections which show his mental stress. c) The final stage of this process of gradual moral and spiritual re-awakening culminates in the episode his illness and dream after the earthquake. For the first time, Crusoe recognizes that he is the doer of all his misfortunes, and realizes that he is responsible of all his wrongdoings for has neither asked God for help when he is in danger, nor thanked Him when he is rescued. With this admission of guilt, Crusoe moves quickly in the road of moral and spiritual recovery. Thus he sincerely prays to God for help for the first time. After that, he feels not only physical but also spiritual ease and comfort. As he triumphs over the cannibals, saves Friday and the captain of the ship and his crew, and finally saves himself, he reaches complete satisfaction 5. Thus Crusoe is portrayed as a complex round character who reaches his moral and spiritual growth, after many experiences, .

Gaskell North and South Essay Example for Free

Gaskell North and South Essay Gaskell’s ‘North and South’, set in Victorian England, is the story of Margaret Hale, a young woman whose life is completely turned on its head when her family moves to northern England. As an outsider from the agricultural south, Margaret is initially shocked by the aggressive northerners of the dirty, smoky industrial town of Milton, but as she adapts to her new home, she defies social conventions with her ready sympathy and defense of the working poor. Her passionate advocacy of the lower classes leads her to repeatedly clash with charismatic mill owner John Thornton over his treatment of his workers. While Margaret denies her growing attraction to him, Thornton agonizes over his foolish passion for her, in spite of their heated disagreements. As tensions mount between them, a violent unionization strike explodes in Milton, leaving everyone to deal with the aftermath in the town and in their personal lives. Gaskell’s novel could certainly be described as a social commentary; England at the time was extremely class-conscious, yet In almost all cases, Margaret does not so much choose sides as acknowledge mutually dependent and beneficial relationships. Though her family has very little in the way of money or assets, her family roots are in the gentry, yet when the family is moved up North to Milton, Margaret befriends and socializes with both ends of the social spectrum, mill owners and workers. Margaret is even capable of initiating a friendship of sorts between worker and owner, Higgins and Thornton even come up with a plan together to provide a canteen for the workers to get hot food. Differences in life in the South and life in the North are compared and contrasted often in a very subtle fashion, as are the differences in values and class structure. It is also very interesting to note that the difficulties of the lives of the impoverished factory workers are highlighted, however the difficulties faced by the factory owners are also presented. Through Margaret, Gaskell is able to transcend social class and at the same time create a hero amongst the industrial poverty of Milton, she acts in a way that would have been unconventional and frowned upon at the time for the good of such people as the Higgins family. When she is seen bringing a basket of food to the house during the workers strike, her peers condemn her at a dinner at the Thornton’s. Highlighting both the differences between northern and southern culture and the clashes between social conscientiousness. It could be said that ‘North and South’ is a novel defined by the resolution of binary conflicts; Margaret Hale is presented with a number of divisions of sympathy, between industrialists and the working class, between conflicting views of Mr.  Thornton, and even between her conflicting views of her own intelligence. Nancy Mann, in her essay â€Å"Intelligence and Self-Awareness in ‘North and South’: a Matter of Sex and Class† stipulates that the novel â€Å"concentrates on a crucial problem of the development of the novel in the nineteenth century, the relationship between abstract intelligence and self-awareness, and the ways in which this relationship may be affected by factors of sex and class†(1). What Mann is saying is that Gaskell is successful in throwing off the conventional boundaries of the classic romantic Victorian with all its feminist connotations and persuasions and has created a character that transcends the constraints of class and what is proper to actually do some good in her new environment. Gaskell’s most prominent social explorations however come in the form of contrasts. For example Margaret’s relationship with the Higgins family, especially Bessie, both nineteen years old when they meet, one healthy and the other gravely ill can be seen as a dramatic comment on class iniquity. Gaskell uses Bessie as a dramatic device in the novel to draw Margaret and her father closer, a task some literary critics consider to be so well done that Bessie is often discounted from the actual story. She is also a device to show the plight of the working class woman, Bessie is even described by one critic as ‘the most extensive portrait of a factory girl in the mainstream industrial novels, and as such, she reveals the political and economic tensions surrounding working class women'(2). Even Margaret says â€Å"Bessie’s comments address the specific problems of working-class women, problems that both unions and the middle class have an interest in ignoring. Even when Bessie’s religious beliefs and her questioning of unionism are considered she is very revealing, Margaret sees her as having â€Å"a politics of her own† which both reveals her sense of disenfranchisement from the ongoing struggle between masters and men and presents the most telling evidence in the novel of the iniquities of the class system. Something else that has to be considered in this scenario with Bessie as a dramatic tool towards Gaskell’s social commentary Elizabeth Gaskells North and south: A National Bildungsroman. Victorian Newsletter 85 (1994) Briefly traces the emergence of and critical debate on the industrial novel, noting the industrial novels have been read largely in relation to male working-class history, not in relation to female working-class history or to the emerging nineteenth-century womens movement. The critic also goes on to stipulate that the comments on the patriarchal foundations of both Chartism and the union movement makes a case for the need to consider Marxist and feminist issues when considering the issues raised in north and south. He goes on to suggest that by placing her heroine, Margaret Hale, between North and South, Gaskell attempts to bring to the surface the unconscious bifurcations that produce class and gender ideologies and that because the novel is both a Bildungsroman as well as an industrial novel it acquires unusual dimensions in both categories(3). Feminism also plays a big part in Gaskell’s novel, through her three main characters, Margaret, Thornton and Higgins Gaskell shows a struggle for growth and indicates what the future of society may hold for people in similar situations and how society can grow as a whole. When the novel is examined as a debate on class and gender issues, the amount of time the characters spend arguing about word choices, definitions and analogies it is clear that almost all interactions in the novel are affected in some way by gender or class, even in language, every term that comes under debate is changed with class or gender import(4). With this much importance forced upon the character’s class and gender by their social environment a reader is certainly inclined to read the novel as an exploration into the Victorian class system rather than a conventional love story of the time. Even in Margaret’s romantic capacity as a woman, her gradual sexual awareness of John Thornton and their Marriage at the end of the novel is more understandable to read in a more feminist light than a romantic one. In marrying Thornton Margaret enters into a mutually equal relationship, one where her influence and goals will be felt as well as his, through Margaret, Gaskell subtly reveals the new directions women are taking toward independent action and freedom(5). However at the same time recognizing that the changes she undergoes are in no way revolutionary and that though the conflicting ideas of obedience and freedom are not completely settled by the end of the novel, at least one woman has emerged into responsible adulthood and has claimed her part in deciding the terms of that settlement(6). What is most interesting about this novel is that all the elements of a romantic novel are there, but it is written in a way that turns the readers head from the sentimental pride and prejudice Esq. prose and makes them focus on the environment and its social deficiencies â€Å"through this story of social rejection and Christian compassion, Gaskell charges her culture to replace what she sees as a rigid and reductive old testament ethic of charity(7). This idea of a old to new change in a religious sense is also backed by Gaskell’s own Unitarian background, her father was a Unitarian minister, as was her husband, Margaret’s father in the novel itself is also a minister it could even be suggested that Gaskells beliefs provided her with an alternative vision of society and code of behavior(8) the importance of Gaskells religious beliefs and Unitarianism can be found in many aspects of the novel, not least that Unitarianism believed in the cultivation of the intellect regardless of sex, she found the religious authority to challenge the patriarchal subjugation of women, especially those who failed to fulfill their designated role in society. It is ironic to think; in a period nearly defined by its theological doubt, Gaskells spiritual faith authorizes her revolutionary vision(9). When Mr. Thornton, without further verbal explication, proposes to Margaret in a â€Å"strange and presumptuous way† at the end of the novel, we see the proper structure of an intimate relationship, both sides respect each other’s power while Thornton refuses to impose a political hierarchy. This is emphasized by the exchange over the flowers, which he bought as a token of her independent self, which is a revolutionary idea in itself at this point in history and conversely, gives rise to his second comment referring to marriage as possession, saying he had â€Å"no hope of ever calling her mine†, and the second refutation of such terms. Although the novel does not strive at any point to be romantic at the expense of the real issues that Gaskell tackles in the way people lived at the time, their unspoken resolution to marry signifies the resolution of the novel the binding of two genders, halves of England, social classes, and individuals, into one. In conclusion Gaskell is very successful in going further than any of her peers in actually exploring deficiencies in Victorian culture and society, although the main components of a classic love story are there, Margaret opts for the conscientious, religious option at every turn making the novel more a serious social commentary than anything else. Gaskell’s religious persuasion adds to this in that it allows her to transcend the class system and her constraints as a woman in Victorian England to address these problems under the banner of religion.

The benefits of the Gulf Stream

The benefits of the Gulf Stream Introduction The Gulf Stream is considered as a warm, powerful, and swift Atlantic ocean current that originates at the tip of Florida. It follows the eastern coastlines of the Newfoundland and the United States before crossing the Atlantic Ocean The western intensification makes the Gulf Stream tend to northward, the matter resulting in accelerating current off the east coast of North America. At nearly 40 °0†²N 30 °0†²Wï » ¿ / ï » ¿40 °N 30 °Wï » ¿ / 40; -30, the gulf stream splits into two , namely the northern stream crosses to northern Europe and the southern stream which circulates off West Africa. The west coast of Europe and the east coast of North America from Florida to Newfoundland is influenced by the Gulf Stream. In spite of the recent debate arose on the part of many experts , there is consensus that the climate of Western Europe and Northern Europe is consider as warmer than it would be as a result of the North Atlantic drift which is considered as a branch from the tail of the Gulf Stream. It is considered as a part of the North Atlantic Gyre. Its presence resulted in the development of various strong cyclones, both within the ocean and within the atmosphere. The Gulf Stream is also known as a significant potential source of renewable power generation. History Europeans discovered the Gulf Stream in 1513 due to the expedition of Juan Ponce de Leà ³n. After that time, it became widely used by Spanish ships that sail from the Caribbean to Spain. Conducted in April 22nd 1513, the summary of Ponce de Leà ³ns voyage log, noted, A current such that, although they had great wind, they could not proceed forward, but backward and it seems that they were proceeding well; at the end it was known that the current was more powerful than the wind. Peter Martyr dAnghiera and Sir Humphrey Gilbert also became known of its existence at that time. Benjamin Franklin, deputy postmaster of the British American colonies, interested in the North Atlantic Ocean circulation patterns. While in England in 1768, , Franklin has come to know curious complaint filed by the Colonial Board of Customs in a form of a question : why did it take British packets many weeks longer to reach New York from England than it took an average American merchant ship to reach Newport, Rhode Island, in spite of the merchant ships leaving from London and having to sail down the River Thames and then the length of the English Channel before they sailed across the Atlantic, while the packets left from Falmouth in Cornwall? Having heard this question, Franklin asked his cousin Timothy Folger, a Nantucket whaling captain to answer this question. Folger pointed out that the merchant ships crossed routinely the then-unnamed Gulf Streamwhich can identified by measurement of the waters temperature, whale behavior , changes in the waters color and the speed of bubbles on its surface while the mail packet captains ran against it. Franklin started to work hard with Folger as well as other experienced ship captains. He learned enough from the Gulf Stream chart and gave it the name for which it is still known up to date. He provided this information to the secretary of the British Post Office, Anthony Todd. However this information was ignored by British sea captains. In 1770, Franklins Gulf Stream chart was published in England, where it was mostly ignored. In 1778, Subsequent versions were printed in France. in 1786, versions were printed and published in U.S. the British remained many years ignoring following the advice given by Franklin on navigating the current but when they followed it , they managed to gain two weeks in sailing time. Properties The Gulf Stream proper is defined as a western-intensified current which is driven by the wind stress. On the contrary, The North Atlantic Drift is largely thermohaline circulation driven. The Gulf Stream makes Western Europe (especially Northern Europe) warmer than it otherwise would be through carrying warm water northeast across the Atlantic. However, there is a dispute around the extent of its contribution to the actual temperature difference between Europe and North America. Few scientists are in the opinion that this temperature difference resulted from the Atlantic Ocean being upwind of Western Europe (producing an oceanic climate) and a landmass being upwind of the east coast of North America. (Seager, Richard (July-August, 2006). The Source of Europes Mild Climate. American Scientist Online. http://www.americanscientist.org/issues/feature/2006/4/the-source-of-europes-mild-climate. Retrieved 2008-09-23.) Formation and behavior In the matter of fact Evolution of the Gulf Stream toward the west of the British Isles continues as the North Atlantic Current. The Atlantic North Equatorial Current, which is considered as a river of sea water, flows westward the coast of northern Africa. The current goes into two branches especially when the current interacts with the northeastern coast of South America. One of these two branches passes into the Caribbean Sea, while the second branch passes into the Antilles Current, flows north and east of the West Indies Once again, these two branches rejoin north of the Straits of Florida, as it is shown on the accompanying map. In the tropics, the trade winds blow westward. The pattern of this wind this has a stress on the subtropical ocean surface in addition to a negative curl across the north Atlantic ocean.[13] .The resulting Sverdrup transport is considered as equator ward. This transport is balanced by a narrow as a result of conservation of potential vorticity that is caused by the northward-moving winds on the subtropical ridges western periphery as well as the increased relative vorticity of northward moving water. This, in its turn, resulted in accelerating poleward current, which flows along the western border of the ocean basin. This outweighs the effects the friction has on the western border current which is known as the Labrador Current. The bends along the Gulf Stream are also caused by conservation of potential vorticity . These bends occasionally break off as a result of a shift in the Gulf Streams position that form separate warm and cold eddies. This process which is known as western int ensification makes the currents on the western border of an ocean basin, like the Gulf Stream, stronger than those on the eastern border. (Maurice L. Schwartz (2005). Encyclopedia of coastal science. Springer, pp. 1037. ISBN 978-1-4020-1903-6. Retrieved on 2009-05-07.) The Gulf Stream is consequently considered as a strong ocean current. The gulf stream lead to transporting water at a rate of 30 million cubic meters per second (30 sverdrups) through the Florida Straits .This rate rises to reach 150 million(on fifty million) cubic meters per second specially when the Gulf Stream passes south of Newfoundland. The volume of the Gulf Stream affects all the rivers which empty into the Atlantic combined, with nearly total 0.6 million cubic meters per second. However, this is weaker than the Antarctic Circumpolar Current. The width of the Gulf Stream is 100kilometers (62mi) and the depth of the Gulf Stream is ranged from 800meters (2,600ft) to 1,200meters (3,900ft). It is known that the current velocity is fastest near the surface, since maximum speed reaches nearly 2.5meters per second (5.6mph). When the Gulf Stream travels north, the warm water transported by it undergoes evaporative cooling. The cooling is wind moving over the water cools it and causes evaporation, the matter leaving saltier brine. In this process, the salinity and density of water increases while the water temperature decreases. When sea ice is formed, salts are left out of the ice. This process is known as brine exclusion. These two processes result in producing water which is colder and denser . The water becomes so dense in the North Atlantic Ocean, so that it starts to sink down through less dense and less salty water. (The convective action is not unlike that of a lava lamp.) This downdraft of cold ,dense and heavy water beco mes a part of the North Atlantic Deep Water, a south going stream. Localized effects The Gulf Stream has effects on the climate of the Florida peninsula. Florida coast, which is referred to as the Florida current, keeps an average water temperature estimated at 25 °C (77 °F) especially during the winter. The east winds passing this warm water result in moving warm air from over the Gulf Stream inland, keeping temperatures milder across the state than elsewhere across the Southeast during the winter. The proximity of Gulf Stream to Nantucket adds to its biodiversity as it is the southern limit for northern plant species and the northern limit for southern varieties of plant life. (Dr. Sarah Oktay. Description of Nantucket Island. University of Massachusetts. http://www.umb.edu/nantucket/nantucket/. Retrieved 2009-01-06.) In addition to the warm air currents, the North Atlantic Current of the Gulf Stream keeps the western coast of Great Britain and Ireland a couple of degrees warmer than the east. On the contrary, the difference is dramatic in the western coastal islands of Scotland. The Gulf Stream and the strong westerly winds (which are driven by the warm water of the Gulf Stream) have noticeable effects on Europe and the Norwegian coast. Next to the Arctic zone, lie the Northern parts of Norway. Most parts of this zone are covered with snow and in winter. However, Norways coast remains without snow or ice throughout the year. The Gulf Stream warms the weather systems which drift into Northern Europe. These weather systems results in warming the climate behind the Scandinavian mountains. Effect on cyclone formation The contrast of warm water and temperature, along the Gulf Streams edge, often results in increasing the intensity of cyclones or tropical. To generate tropical cyclone normally, water temperatures in excess of 26.5 °C (79.7 °F) is required. Thus, the formation of tropical cyclone is common over the Gulf Stream, particularly in the month of July. Through the Caribbean, the storms travel westward and then move in a northward direction. After that, the storms curve towards the United States eastern coast or stay on a north-westward track and enter the Gulf of Mexico. These storms have the capability to create strong winds. These winds cause extensive damage to the Southeast Coastal Areas in United States. The Strong extra tropical cyclones were shown to deepen the frontal zone. These tropical cyclones have been forced by the Gulf Stream itself especially during the cold season. The Subtropical cyclones are also being generated near the Gulf Stream. Near the warm water current, near ly 75percent of the systems documented in between 1951 and 2000 are formed with two annual peaks of activity happening during the months of May and October. Possible renewable power source In the matter of fact, The Gulf Stream makes on transporting nearly 1.4 pet watts of heat that is equivalent to 100 times the world energy demand. Many researches have been conducted into different ways to tap this power. There is an idea to supply the equivalent power of several nuclear power plants. This idea is represented in deploying a field of underwater turbines placed 300meters (980ft) under the center of the core of the Gulf Stream, such as being developed by Aquantis, LLC. the thermal energy generated by the ocean can also be harnessed to produce electricity through using the difference of temperature between cold deep water and warm surface water. Conclusion The Gulf Stream, which begins in the Caribbean and ends in the northern North Atlantic, is one of the worlds current systems which have been studied and searched intensively. The extensive western border current plays very important role in transferring heat and salt as well as in causing warm to the European subcontinent. There are many traditional hydrographic studies conducted in this region. These studies include Gulf Stream 60 (Fuglister 1963) and Iselin (1936). The high degree of mesoscale activity relating to this system has attracted oceanographers. The studies conducted on these phenomena have focused on the snapshot representation of the region. In the matter of fact, The Gulf Stream transport varies not only in space, but also in time. Kelly and Gille 1990; Zlotnicki 1991; Kelly 1991; Hogg and Johns 1995 assured that the current transports a maximum amount of water in the fall and a minimum in the spring. Rossby and Rago (1985) and Fu et al. (1987) discovered similar results especially when they looked at the differences of sea level across the Stream. These studies also discovered that the Gulf Stream includes marked seasonal variability.

House Of The Seven Gables :: essays research papers

How does an author’s personal history or cultural background influence what he or she writes about? Are history and literature related? I believe that many authors a very influenced by their own background and the subjects they write about. Authors write about what is familiar. Authors write about something that they feel strongly about or love. I also feel that history and literature are closely related. Many great novels of this world have their basis in stories of the past, true stories taken from history. For one thing, authors usually write about what they already know about or what they see, or what they experience in life. They often write about the history of their family, town, or whatever place they live in. Books where the author understands his subject and feels comfortable and passionate about it are the most interesting. When an author’s writing has been influenced by his or her personal history and cultural background, the writer understands it. It’s also much easier for an author to write about something having to do with their personal history or cultural background. If we are familiar with a subject it is much easier to convince our reader of the ‘experience’ or ‘story’ that is being written about. Although Nathaniel Hawthorne’s allegory, The House of Seven Gables, was not entirely true, the incomparable part of it had to do with his personal history and his cultural background. His relation to the house was from his cousin Phoebe and the ideas about the witch trials were because he was living in the very time they were taking place. Therefore, I do think that the personal history and cultural background affect what the author writes about whether the book be fiction or non-fiction, but most of the time, non-fiction. An example of an author I can come up with where I strongly think their personal history and cultural background significantly influence what she writes about is Amy Tan. I have read two of her novels, The Joyluck Club and The Kitchen God’s Wife. She wrote about Chinese Americans living in San Francisco. A subject she knows much about and has lived through. Her books are so fascinating because she knows her subject well. They are novels yes, but we can trust that in many ways this is what a Chinese mother living in San Francisco may have behaved like or said. History and literature are also linked by way of story.

Cognitive Traditions and Communities in Technological Change :: Technology Essays

Cognitive Traditions and Communities in Technological Change ABSTRACT: Many efforts have been made to discover some paradigm-like changes in mathematics, the social sciences, arts, history, etc. Gary Gutting forcefully criticizes the tendency of over-constraining the original conception that mostly led to insignificant analogies. But some applications may fall between correct isomorphic utilization and insignificant analogizing. The paradigm conception of technological change emerged in the early 1980's. This paper shows how fruitful the analogy has been for developing the idea of technological 'paradigms.' But a technological paradigm shows decisive differences which concern the values (which are not only cognitive ones) of technologies, the hierarchical systemic communities, the partly different nature of crises (through 'presumptive anomalies,' by Constant), and the necessarily integrated nature of technological knowledge leading to successful artifacts linked to goal-oriented research. Technological-paradigms-thinking became an established part of evolutionary economics also. According to this, paradigms rival conceptions that show further changes in comparison to the original Kuhnian approach. I conclude by discussing the nature of scientific change from the viewpoint of technological paradigms. Following Kuhn's seminal work paradigms were claimed to be discovered in many scientific fields including sociology, economics, psychology, mathematics, even literature, arts and history. It is well known that Kuhn himself was astonished to see that, for him unexpected, escalation. Garry Gutting rightly emphasized 198O that most of the applications of the paradigm conception led to nowhere but to insignificant, relatively trivial analogies, to assertions that "supertheories" exist. (1) But some application may have overcome trivial analogies. The story of technological "paradigms" is one case for this. The trial to apply the paradigm conception to technological change came 1O-15 years later then the applications to other fields. (2) In an important case study for history of technology (published 198O), E. W. Constant II set up a general model for technological change. (3) In this model technological change is represented by knowledge change and put into an evolutionary epistemology perspective, overtaken from D. Campbell. Constant exploits philosophy of science, mainly Kuhn's paradigm conception. He finds a community structure in technological practice, traditions of practice, normal technology with its puzzle solving character and technological changes initiated by recognizing two types of failure. He claims that, from time to time, technological changes are technological revolutions. "We define a technological paradigm as an accepted mode of technical operation. . . . It is the conventional system as defined and accepted by a relevant community of technological practitioners.

Familial Dysautonomia and the Brain Behavior Enigma Essay -- Biology E

An understanding of the brain is essential to developing safe and effective treatments for disorders of the nervous system and for advancing our understanding of the human experience. Nervous system disorders cost the US more than $400 billion in medical expenses each year (1). In addition to having great clinical significance, such research offers a valuable perspective into the nature of the brain-behavior relationship. The extent to which the brain is organized in terms of overt behavior remains an open question. Because it is difficult to ethically manipulate the neural composition of humans in the laboratory setting, our understanding of the biological and neurophysiological influences on behavior is limited. In the spirit of this class, I have decided to take an alternate route to untangling the connections between brain and behavior. In this paper, I will discuss Familial Dysautonomia, a neurological disease that encapsulates the relationship between sensation, perception, emo tion, physiological response and the nervous system. Familial Dysautonomia (FD), also called Riley-Day Syndrome, is one of five hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathies (HSANS) (2). FD is an autosomal recessive disease of the Ashkenazi, or European, Jewish population (3). As the name implies, this neurological disorder is characterized by the incomplete development of the autonomic nervous system. The behavioral phenomena observed in FD sufferers can be used as an instrument to gage the inner activities of the autonomic nervous system (ANS). We already know that the ANS is responsible for life-sustaining regulatory processes. The autonomic nerve fibers form a system that regulates the heart, blood vessels, glands, the digestive system and othe... ..., a comprehensive database of FD related information, offering links to recent press releases, online information and family support networks. http://www.familialdysautonomia.org/ 4) Memorial University of Newfoundland , Autonomic Nervous System I. http://calloso.med.mun.ca./~thoekman/autonom/ans1.htm 5) Autonomic Differential Diagnosis , a breakdown of congenital sensory neuropathologies. http://www.neuro.wustl.edu/neuromuscular/autonomic.html 6) Newton's Apple , Tears: Why do we cry? http://www.eecs.umich.edu/mathscience/funexperiments/agesubject/lessons/newton/tear.html 7) Medical College of Wisconsin , Riley-Day Syndrome, respiratory disease and the possible role of catecholamines. http://chorus.rad.mcw.edu/doc/00356.html 8) Pain and Sedation on the PICU , an outline of the neurophysiology of pain http://www.ucs.mun.ca/~skhoury/PAIN.html Familial Dysautonomia and the Brain Behavior Enigma Essay -- Biology E An understanding of the brain is essential to developing safe and effective treatments for disorders of the nervous system and for advancing our understanding of the human experience. Nervous system disorders cost the US more than $400 billion in medical expenses each year (1). In addition to having great clinical significance, such research offers a valuable perspective into the nature of the brain-behavior relationship. The extent to which the brain is organized in terms of overt behavior remains an open question. Because it is difficult to ethically manipulate the neural composition of humans in the laboratory setting, our understanding of the biological and neurophysiological influences on behavior is limited. In the spirit of this class, I have decided to take an alternate route to untangling the connections between brain and behavior. In this paper, I will discuss Familial Dysautonomia, a neurological disease that encapsulates the relationship between sensation, perception, emo tion, physiological response and the nervous system. Familial Dysautonomia (FD), also called Riley-Day Syndrome, is one of five hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathies (HSANS) (2). FD is an autosomal recessive disease of the Ashkenazi, or European, Jewish population (3). As the name implies, this neurological disorder is characterized by the incomplete development of the autonomic nervous system. The behavioral phenomena observed in FD sufferers can be used as an instrument to gage the inner activities of the autonomic nervous system (ANS). We already know that the ANS is responsible for life-sustaining regulatory processes. The autonomic nerve fibers form a system that regulates the heart, blood vessels, glands, the digestive system and othe... ..., a comprehensive database of FD related information, offering links to recent press releases, online information and family support networks. http://www.familialdysautonomia.org/ 4) Memorial University of Newfoundland , Autonomic Nervous System I. http://calloso.med.mun.ca./~thoekman/autonom/ans1.htm 5) Autonomic Differential Diagnosis , a breakdown of congenital sensory neuropathologies. http://www.neuro.wustl.edu/neuromuscular/autonomic.html 6) Newton's Apple , Tears: Why do we cry? http://www.eecs.umich.edu/mathscience/funexperiments/agesubject/lessons/newton/tear.html 7) Medical College of Wisconsin , Riley-Day Syndrome, respiratory disease and the possible role of catecholamines. http://chorus.rad.mcw.edu/doc/00356.html 8) Pain and Sedation on the PICU , an outline of the neurophysiology of pain http://www.ucs.mun.ca/~skhoury/PAIN.html

American History: 1912 Election

The Presidential Election of 1912 was called one of the most important and memorable elections as well as one of the most dramatic events in American history. The election was remarkable because there were four candidates the representatives of four different parties that sought the presidency that year. It was William Howard Taft from Republican Party, Theodore Roosevelt representing the newly organized Bull Moose Progressives Party after the split in his own Republican Party, then Democrat Woodrow Wilson and Eugene Debs from Socialist Party.One of the main issues of that time reflected in the Party Platforms was tariffs and anti-trust legislation. Republican Party tariff policy was aimed to protect American industries and economy. It was said in the platform â€Å"the import duties should be high enough, while yielding a sufficient revenue, to protect adequately American industries and wages† (â€Å"Political Party Platforms in 1912†), and only â€Å"Some of the exis ting import duties are too high, and should be reduced† (â€Å"Political Party Platforms in 1912†).Republicans were expecting to get enough revenue to the budget and still stuck to the protectionism policy. As for the anti-trust legislation Republicans insisted on â€Å"the enactment of legislation supplementary to the existing anti-trust act which will define as criminal offences those specific acts that uniformly mark attempts to restrain and to monopolize trade†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (â€Å"Political Party Platforms in 1912†).Progressive Party declared in the platform that it was necessary to reduce tariff as unjust to the citizens of the country and that the party â€Å" is committed to the destruction of the protective system through a tariff for revenue only—a policy which would inevitably produce widespread industrial and commercial disaster† (â€Å"Political Party Platforms in 1912†). While discussing the anti-trust legislation during the conv ention the conflict aroused.Roosevelt suggested federal regulation of the trusts but he had no support eventually this issue was deleted from the platform. Democrats considered â€Å"the high Republican tariff is the principal cause of the unequal distribution of wealth; it is a system of taxation which makes the rich richer and the poor poorer† (â€Å"Political Party Platforms in 1912†) thus they insisted on the reduction of the tariff and limiting the Federal Government to â€Å"collect tariff duties, except for the purpose of revenue† (â€Å"Political Party Platforms in 1912†).Concerning the Anti-Trust Law democrats strived to cancel the amendments to the Sherman anti-trust law in order to re-establish it in its original version to make it more efficient. Socialists were close to the reformists and they believed in the significance of tariff revision and in the importance of anti-trust legislation. Also the goal of the platform was to struggle for equa l political and democratic rights for the laboring class (Socialist Party. National Campaign Book).The point is that it was crisis of the Republican government that had been supporting the conservative course. The country was in bad need for reforms so the government had had to change the policy. Conservative Republicans had not realized the necessity of the reformation and despite the great support William Taft had lost a chance to be re-elected for the second term. Socialists gained the extreme popularity but it was not enough to win. But still Eugene Debs got more than 6% of the total votes and it was incredible success of the Socialist Party.The main struggle was between Roosevelt and Wilson. Their platforms were similar so it was even a suggestion from the progressives to give up in favour of Wilson but Roosevelt refused to quit without struggle. Woodrow Wilson won by getting about 42% of the total votes. Together Taft and Roosevelt get more than 50% of the total votes it means that Roosevelt had a real possibility to be elected had he been the Republican party nominee for the presidency. Personally I would have voted for Roosevelt because he was charismatic personality and the great leader.He was more flexible than Wilson in the policy and was smart enough to comprehend the importance of the changes. The history would have changed if Theodore Roosevelt had been elected for his third term. BIBLIOGRAPHY Political Party Platforms in 1912. 12 October 2004 http://www. presidency. ucsb. edu/showplatforms. php? platindex=D1912 Presidential elections: 1872-1912. 12 October 2004 http://www. apstudents. com/ushistory/outline. php Republican Party History. 12 October 2004 http://www. gop. org/history. html Socialist Party. National Campaign Book. Chicago, p. 3.

Intra and Interpersonal Skills

like a shot I am going to stack away what I have learnt in IIC. I have several skills that would be profitable for my future, such as concentrate on positives when I am in pernicious moods, self-disclosure and with child(p) positive response to unfavorable judgment for better communication. However, these are non the close important aspects for me. This is because I cherish more(prenominal) on relationships. Besides, I dont have favorable relationship with family members. Also, friends cannot always be with me. Therefore, dear is the only thing I survey in my entire life. However, there are lots of barriers on my screw path.My lovers upright left me very soon and verbalise you are too in effect(p) for me. I wondered if it is just simply an excuse for break up with me. After the Developing and Enriching advert Relationship lesson, I realized the cerebrate that none of them want to stay with me and commented I am too good for them. This is because I am having obsessi ve love with them, giving them too much love and so oblige. This is one of the obstacles for love to the lecture notes. On the other hand, we didnt have a mutual direction for our future. We had intimacy and peevishness but no commitment was involved. The kickoff thing I have to do is self-love.This is because obsessive love only gives pressure to the other person. To have a water-loving relationship, loving yourself is essential. Then, I have to end a long-term involvement with that person. I used to have romantic loves. However, that is not I need, what I need is the all over love. According to Sternbergs Triangular scheme of Love, consummate love includes intimacy, passion and commitment. I will be open and right to let my relationship grows healthy. Learning to love doesnt just happen if we stand the right person. I confide if you want to have a good result, effort is necessary for it, even love.

Outcomes and Evalustion of Community Health Project

Out rise ups and Evaluation of Community Health estimate It is essential to evaluate any universe health course to locate its contribution and health extend to on the population it was designed to financial aid, in asset to its sustain magnate. Processes should be contributeed during the inception of the political computer computer programmeme to establish a baseline, and manners of gathering data, which would be use for this military rank. The RE-AIM evaluation model was chosen to guide the process of evaluating the American Indian Diabetes Program (AIDP). This paper examines how the AIDP programs methods and results ordain be mensurable and evaluated to ensure the trump possible outcomes.Elements of the Evaluation Model The RE-AIM model is specific exclusively(a)y intimately suited for evaluating the population establish-impact of large public health programs. It contends that some more than effective, expensive, programs that conduct trials exploitation a high ly motivated population, be unremarkably not ecumenicalizable to the real world. It is preferable for a program to support a more realistic capability goal, kitchen stove more race, and achieve a larger adoption by communities and policy makers, a program that is implemented as intended, and results in behavioural agitate that is master(prenominal)tained over the long term (Glasgow, Vogt, & Boles, 1999).The clear RE-AIM is an acronym that stands for reach, efficacy, adoption, slaying, and importanttenance. The five RE-AIM dimensions argon each given a 0 to 1 (or 0% to 100%) sum up during program evaluation (Glasgow et al. , 1999). It is suggested that the programs implementation be evaluated over a period of at least 6 months to a year, and 2 years or longer for the maintenance portion of the program (Glasgow et al, 1999). This model is appropriate to use as a frame prevail for evaluating the AIDP because it kit and boodle intumesce with programs that seek to re ach large figure of speechs of large number.In the AIDP we will be attempting to screen the entire adult Indian taciturnity population for diabetes or pre-diabetes. The model excessively works well with programs that require more than unity intervention. This program offers both preventative and indisposition management interventions. We will be evaluating the marketing, screening, and the nurture process of the diabetes prevention human face of the program by taking an initial nosecount of the reservation adult population (age 18 and older), and comparing that number with those who participate in the screening and help pedagogicsal classes.This will demonst array the programs reach. Screening for role 2 diabetes in high risk of infection populations is wide recommended because epidemiological studies have ordern evidence to suggest that 30% to 50% of all diabetics are undiagnosed (Goyder, Wild, Fischbacher, Carlisle, & Peters, 2008, p. 370). This could be especially true for the American Indian. We will in addition be doing further tests on those who have been certifyn to be pre-diabetics and diabetics. Both groups plus family members will go finished diabetes education courses.Those with pre-diabetes would be rechecked e really six months the premier(prenominal) year and every six months in by-line years, with tele bid adopt-up on victuals trades and drill progress in between. All data would be recorded for future evaluation. The diabetics would be seen quarterly and all test results, forbearing compliance to diabetes management practices, along with physical improvement or complications would be utilised for evaluation via record review. It would be obligatory to produce diligent consent prior to their participation in the program.Measurable Objectives There are four main documentarys this program would be seeking to achieve behavioral modifications, archean diabetes perception, improved confabulation, and break away monit oring in disease management. The expected early detection of pre-diabetes and naked cases of diabetes would be high, perhaps 14. 2% or high during the initial adult population screening, since diabetes among American Indians is more than twice that of white Americans which by comparison is 7. 1% (CDC, 2011).Behavioral changes would be thrifty at all levels of the program. After a baseline behavior field was taken, at six months and a year, population behavior changes would be measured by telephone lots. Those with pre-diabetes would come in for weight down checks every three months, later on receiving the healthy diet and exercise education and weight loss counseling if requirement. Any weight improvements based on each individuals exalted weight for height and gender, as well as their 6 month fasting birth glucose results, along with endurings description of iet and exercise number which would be scored from 1 to 5 with 5 beingness best, this should indicate behaviora l change. These changes would be bring in and averaged to determine the overall result. Because the American Indian population is so far behind in healthy behaviors than the put down of the population, there needs to be a 20% improvement in lifestyle changes. Behavior changes are especially necessary in people who have been diagnosed with diabetes. After attending the diabetes disease management training, diligents would be monitored for following the guidelines.They would be expected to take their medicament as directed, check their agate line sugar twice a day a couple hours after meals and sometimes more is uncontrolled, follow the diabetic diet and exercise plan, and keep their quarterly appointments. Many diabetic patients do not follow doctor recommendations. We would do follow-up calls, home visits, and one on one instruction for patients and family members if behavior compliance is weak. Based on showing up for follow-up appointments, fasting blood glucose levels, HgA1c level, and weight change, all of which can be tracked and averaged, behavior change can be measured.We also intend to institute better monitoring in the disease management portion of the program. Weight would be measured at every appointment. Family members would be promote to attend appointments with their diabetic relative to lend support. self-restraint blood glucose would be drawn as well as HgA1c which more accurately depicts the level the diabetes is controlled. The HgA1c should be less(prenominal) than 7 and is even better if it is less than 6. An annual dilated eye exam would be done, and blood pressure along with foot examinations would be performed at every appointment.We would actually be monitoring the congruity in which these tests would be performed by faculty. The information would be found by reviewing the data in patient records. We expect 90% compliance, arrangement that wheelchair status exponent make weights unobtainable. Finally, the last objective to be m onitored is discourse. intercourse is vital to achieving conquest in every another(prenominal) aspect of the program. Communication incorporates educating the patient, family, community, tribal leaders, and politicians in Washington. moreover for the nurse/ patient relationship and refreshing patient teaching which are ongoing, most of the community, family, and political communication should be completed during the first year. Communication with community, family and patient would be through marketing, local television, community education, coach curriculum, flyers and diabetes fair, as well as one on one patient teaching. The communication could be measured by evaluating the level of understanding of the listeners, through phone surveys and an outcomes evaluation.The majority (55% or greater) of the phone surveys should demonstrate an understanding of the information communicated in the media campaign and patient teaching sessions. Communication with tribal leaders would be measured by the leaders cooperation with the programs objectives and methods. It is important when communicating to listen as well as speak. The best results are derived when a treatment method is used instead of using a telling approach. A patient satisfaction survey would be used to gauge the communication techniques in the nurse/patient relationship.Reasons for Chosen Outcomes The first objective of early detection was chosen because Healthy concourse 2020 recommends this objective, since many a(prenominal) people with diabetes go undiagnosed. There is very little we can do to help people until they are diagnosed. It is reasonable to expect an outcome of 14. 2% newly diagnosed diabetics during the first screening, as that is the current rate of diabetes in the American Indian population. The first years screening will detect many undiagnosed diabetics and will usher them into to treatment.Behavioral change was listed because for any therapeutic or preventive diet to be effect ive, the patient must implement the self-care behaviors and vex to the treatment regimen (Evangelista & Shinnick, 2008, p. 250). It is vital that diabetics and pre-diabetics wedge to a healthy diet and exercise regimen in order to optimize glycemic control, reduce risk of complications, and soft weight (Eilat-Adar et al. , 2008). Unfortunately, according to Eilat-Adar (2008), most American Indians show a low adherence to dietary recommendations. ofttimes of the AIDP efforts would be put into teaching and motivating the American Indian to follow the recommended guidelines. We will be aiming for a 20% improvement in lifestyle change over the first year. The bar was set high, 90% when it came to adhering to the guidelines set out for monitoring patients in the clinic. These guidelines would be implemented at the onset of the program. Professional staff should understand the importance of performing these tests, so more is expected of them. Communication is an objective that is key t o success in every other aspect of the program.In order to achieve adherence to behavior changes, the patient must understand why it is important, and how to make those changes. Because communication is initiated by the health care group and people involved with the marketing of the health care information, the expectations are high. A realistic expectation that 55% of the general population would understand and remember the information presented. The number of diagnosed diabetics who receive a formal diabetic education would be set at 62. % because that is the target for the (Healthy commonwealth 2020, 2008) diabetic education. Overcoming Negative Outcomes A possible negatively charged outcome could result if the American Indian fails to adhere to the behavior changes necessary to gain control over their blood sugar and thus prevent the in effect(p) complications associated with the disease. Nurses can help patients and families cope with diabetes and give them examine for of a high quality of life if they follow the doctors recommendations with their diet and exercise.They can utter to the patient and family about possible difficulties in changing their style of have and increasing exercise and work with them to find solutions. They can help them discover possible ways to live healthy. If people understand how important it is to change behaviors, they will at least try to do so. Sustainability There are three main elements necessary for this program to be able to be sustainable over time funding, meeting the programs objectives and the ability to adapt as circumstances change.We would initially ease up for grants that would fund this study for three years. During those three years, it is important that we be able to show that the four objectives (early detection of diabetes, behavior changes, better monitoring, and communication) were met and could continue to help the American Indian manage their disease thus fall the complications associated wit h diabetes, and help lower the populations risk of acquiring this disease.Our strategy is unique in that we are harnessing the valuable effect of family and community support to help diabetics and pre-diabetics effect behavioral change in eating and exercise. No other program has attempted this method of behavior modification with the American Indian. It is believed that with success in meeting the objectives of this project continued funding would follow. It is still that over time it may be necessary to change and adapt our methods to ensure continued effectiveness.summary This paper describes the evaluation model that would be used and why it was chosen. The RE-AIM model addresses the reach, efficacy, adoption, implementation and maintenance of the program. The programs objectives were restated along with their measurable desired or expected outcomes. The American Indian Diabetes Program (AIDP), has four stated objectives early diabetes detection, behavior changes, better monito ring in disease management, and improved communication. The measurable outcomes were explained and supportive evidence given.A possible negative outcome was given, listing overleap of adhering to necessary behavior changes. Though this is a porta and some patients will be noncompliant, it is believed with further education and follow-up we can help them achieve better self-management. Sustainability will be achieved by meeting the objectives previously laid out in this paper. This will show the value of the program and encourage future funding. If necessary to ensure continued effectiveness of the program, AIDP is capable of adapting its methods to new circumstances.